.
!NOTES:
See GARDINER, Vol I, pg. 30:
"Joseph Gardiner born 1678 in Oakley, St. Mary's County, Maryhland ;died
15 May 1718, in Charles County, Maryland. He married in 1708 in St .Mary's
County, Maryland, Elizabeth Cole, daughter of Edward Cole and Elizabe th
Slye. The will of Joseph Gardiner of Charles County, dated 9 March ,1717,
names wife Elizabeth and four sons. We cannot find the parents of th isJoseph
but feel strongly that he is the son of John Gardiner and Elizabeth Hussey.
The other remaining possibility is that he is the son of Richard Gard iner
and Margaret Mainwaring but he would have been born near the upper limits of
her child bearing years. Elizabeth Hussey had two brothers, Samuel a ndBen-
jamin, which causes me to go with this family as stated. The will o fWilliam
Boarman Sr., dated 16 May 1708 and probated in Charles County, Maryla ndon
17 June 1709, states as follows: "Unto my two daughters, clara and Ma ry,
a tract of land whereon Joseph Gardiner now lives, whereupon it bein gthat
part of the Manor of about 400 to 500 acres". The manor mentioned i n the
will was undoubtedly Boarman Manor near Bryantown in Charles County , and
that it implies Joseph Gardiner was occupying and working that trac t orpart
of the Manor which he left to his daughters, Clara and Mary. Joseph
Gardiner's will, probated in Charles County, Maryland 10 June 1718 na meshis
wife Elizabeth and four sons, Benjamin, Samuel, Ralph and Luke and th eonly
record I can find of a Joseph Gardiner of that time frame.
It is believed that Howard Gardiner, who settled in what is now kn ownas
Chester County, PA. (then within the Maryland charter) was a brothe r of
Joseph who had been helped by Joseph in his move to settle in the disputed
area. Their children were Benjamin b 1709, Samuel b. 1711, Ralph b .1714,
and Luke b. 1717."

.
!NOTES:
See MARRIAGE BONDS FOR NELSON COUNTY, KY., 1785-1832, for:
"JOSEPH I. GARDINER married CATHERINE ELDER, April 16, 1801. Surety :Edward
Jenkins."
Undoubtedly this record refers to this Joseph Gardiner, brother o f Ann
Nancy (Gardiner) Jenkins, whose husband Edward acted as Surety for he rbrother
and his bride. Edward Jenkins also acted as surety for Joseph's brot her
Francis Gardiner at his marriage in 1805 to Anna Smyth.
See will of his father probated in 1817 (notes of Clement Gardiner )for
mention of previous death of Joseph and bequests to his children (spelled as in
will): Harriott, Sharlotte, Elizabeth, Maria, Wenny, Ann and Joseph Gardiner,
the last three by his second wife. Apparently Joseph's first wife di edsometime
prior to 1801 after having given birth to four children. Joseph then
married Catherine Elder, had three more children and died before hi sfather.
See also GARDINER, (op.cit) Vol I, pg 94 for the following:
"Joseph Gardiner was born in 1770 in Bryantown, Charles County, Maryland
and died 30 November, 1810 in Fairfield, Nelson County, Kentucky. H emarried
(1) 16 January 1795, in Mattawoman Church, Townshend, Maryland, Winif red
Hamilton, daughter of James Hamilton and Mary Ann Coombs; he marrie d (2)
20 April, 1801, in Fairfield, Nelson County, Kentucky, Catherine Elde r.
When Joseph J. Gardiner was born his parents were enumerated in the census of
the Bryantown parish. They may have been living on the Boone famil y farm
about three miles north of Bryantown on what is now Route 382. He ha dfour
children from his marriage to Winifred Hamilton of Prince George's County:
Harriot, Lucretia, Charlotte and Elizabeth. He had three children fro mhis
marriage to Catherine Elder: Maria, Winifred Ann and Joseph Gardiner .Only
six children were named in Clement Gardiner's will of 1817, as Lucret ia
apparently was deceased before that date."

see Gardiner Vol 1 118

.
!NOTES:
See GARDINER, GENERATIONS AND RELATIONS by Thomas Richard Gardiner ,Volume I, pg 26:
"Luke Gardiner (Luke, Richard, Thomas, William, William, Wyllyam )born 1657 in Canoe Neck, Oakley, St. Mary's County, Maryland. He married(1) 1682, in St. Mary's County, Maryland, Monica Turner, and married (2)7 October, 1690, in St. Mary's County, Maryland, Elizabet h Slye,daughter of Robert Slye and Susanna Gerard. It was this Luke Gardiner in1692, as sheriff of St. Mary's County, who was commanded by the PuritanGovernment to lock the Roman Catholic Church in St . Mary's City and toprevent anyone from attending a service therein . The key which LukeGardiner used to lock the Church was recently returned by a family inWestern Maryland to the Archivist, Henry Miller, at St. Mary's City andwas displayed at a recent meeting of the St . Mary's County HistoricalSociety."

.

!NOTES:
See GARDINER GENERATIONS AND RELATIONS, by Thomas Richard Gardine r(1991),
Vol I, pg 27:
"Luke Gardiner, born about Dec 1679 in Hillie Lea, Chaptico, Maryl and;
died 1720 in Warburton Manor, Piscataway, Maryland. He married (1) a bout
1 October 1701, in Newport, Charles County, Maryland, Ann Pile, daugh terof
Joseph Pile and Mary Turner; he married (2) May 1708, in Prince Georg e's
County, Maryland, Ann Craycroft, daughter of Ignatius Craycroft and o fSophia
Beedle. This Luke Gardiner, in many respects, was much like his grandfather,
Luke who married Elizabeth Hatton.
First of all, he acquired land at an astounding pace. During hi slifetime
he acquired by inheritance and purchase more than twenty separate an ddistinct properties, totaling about 8,300 acres in five counties an d thestate of Pennsylvania. Like some of the plantation owners of t his dayhe was also Deputy Surveyor, appointed by Clement Hill, Jr. , (who was)Surveyor General of the Western Shore of Maryland. Thi s was a muchsought-after position as it offered adventure and relaxa tion and almosteveryone of any prominence became a surveyor or a mil itary figure atsome point in their life.
Besides his land and surveyor's position, for income, Luke owned t wo
water driven Grist mills, one at the head of Chaptico Bay and one a tNewtowne, left to him by his father, Richard. The mill at the hea d ofChaptico Bay may have been included in the swap with his brothe r Johnwhereby John received a highly productive plantation named Hil lilee fromLuke for the
undeveloped but larger, Warburton Manor which had been left to John , byhis
father, Richard. In view of their special interests, each felt tha t hehad
profited by his exchange.
John was a joiner (carpenter) and a mariner. He owned a merchant vessel
named "The Mary", after his wife Mary Boarman, which he captained o noccasion. While sight-seeing up along the Hudson River one summer , Istopped at Phillipsburg Manor and was delighted at being show n a ship'smanifest from "The Mary" signed by John Gardiner, ship's o wner andCaptain. The cargo included apples, tobacco, salt fish an d corn meal.He took on wine, maple syrup, and machined ware.
Luke also owned a merchant ship called "The Provident" which was possibly
the same vessel owned by his grandfather, Luke, who died in 1674. Th at
vessel sailed from Gardiner's Landing on Chaptico Bay, along with "The
Enterprise" to England with tobacco and dug-out canoes made by the Indians
in Luke's canoe-building operation along Canoe Neck Creek. The ship s re-
turned laden with manufactured goods including farming and carpenter's
tools, linens, clothing, musical instruments, works of art and books.
Luke can best be remembered for completing the magnificant mansio n on
Warburton Manor after which the White House was designed. (JS: Other
versions claim that James Hoban, the designer of the White House, wa sfrom
Ireland and based his design on an Irish residence.) The tour guide s to
the White House will tell you that it was designed by an Irishman i n the
employ of L'Enfant, and was patterned after a mansion in Dublin. Bu t it
is interesting to note that L'Enfant lifed in the Warburton Manor Hou se
for seven years while he laid out the city of Washington, and the designer
of the White House lived there with him. I once had the privledge to
view an old painting of Warburton Manor House and it looked identica l to
the White House after its restoration following the War of 1812. Nei ther
were considered to be beautiful on the outside but thwy were both mag nif-
icent on the interior, with large hallways and winding stairs and generous
windows, doorways and fireplaces.
While the Diggs family owned Warburton Manor, they had many famou sguests
among whom were George and Martha Washington, James and Dolly Madison ,and
Washington Irving, the author of Sleepy Hollow. I learned this las t bitof
information when I visited the home of Washington Irving in Westchest er
County, New York, about 1973, where I was shown a painting of Warburt on
Manor and a letter by Washington Irving concerning the delightful sum mer
which he experienced at Warburton Manor.
Luke was remembered as a good family man with a way of commandin g love
and respect. Like his grandfather Luke, there are many records of pe ople
referring to him as "my good friend," or "my dear friend Luke". He served
as witness, executor or administrator of many wills and guardian of several
children. Like his grandfather, he provided for the welfare of his children,
even acquiring land for his sons, Ignatius and Richard, a few month sbefore
his death. For Ignatius he arranged for a property in Charles County ,later
named Farthing's Pennyworth to pass on to Ignatius when he became o f age.
The Indenture dated 5 June 1722 covering this prearranged deal said i npart,
"The said William Maria Farthing, innholder of St. Mary's County, pai d in
consideration of Eighty Pounds Sterling to him in hand by Luke Gardin er,
father to ye said Ignatius Gardiner, confirmed, and by these present s doe
bargaine, sell and confirm unto ye said Ignatius Gardiner, all his cl aimto
a tract in Charles County called by him Farthing's Pennyworth, of 79 0acres."
This William Maria Farthing was the innholder of Farthing's Ordina ry,a
replica of which now stands in the center of St. Mary's City on the s pot
where the original stood.
Luke Gardiner made another land acquisition for his sons from Benj amin
Wheeler, of Baltimore County, a cousin by marriage, in which Benjami n was
to assign a warrant for 537 acres to Ignatius and Richard Gardiner, o fPrince
George's County. On 26 April 1721, about two years after Luke's deat h,the
Deputy Surveyor of Baltimore County laid out the 537 acres assigned by
Benjamin Wheeler, called "The Father's Request", and the patent for t hat
tract was issued to them on 10 September 1723. This land was locate d in
the prime land area of Baltimore County known as Worthington Valley , just
north of Baltimore City. His active land dealings and the expense of
building the Warburton Manor House apparently became too great for Lu ke's
cash flow, and he was forced to put Warburton Manor, Franklin, and the
Barrens up for security and he lost all three in the process to Charl es
Carroll of Annapolis, his creditor. It is interesting to note that s ome
thirty years later, Luke's son Richard, bought the Manor of Truman Pl ace
(500 acres) and The Addition (300 acres) from Charles Carroll of Annapolis
for 350 pounds sterling, in hand. Unlike his grandfather, this Luk e was
"land poor" when he died. Although he still owned large acreages, because
of ill health, he was allowed to remain at Warburton where he died i n1719
or 1720."

.
!NOTES:
See GARDINER, Vol. 1, pg.36:
"Luke Gardiner (of Luke, of Luke, of Richard, of Thomas, of Willia metc)
born 1695 in St. John's, Chaptico, Maryland. He married 1723, in Bryantown,
Charles County, Maryland, Mary Boarman, daughter of William Boarman a ndMary
Pile. It appears that this Luke Gardiner may have spent his entire l ifeat
St. John's Plantation in Chaptico where he raised a family of eight children.
It is also most likely that this Luke may have been the owner of th esailing
vessel recorded as transporting produce along the east coast and carr ying
tobacco to England."
(JS: The marriage of this Luke Gardiner to Mary Boarman is plague dwith inconsistancies. See the notes under William Boarman [2908] . Afterlong research, I have "forced" this marriage which is improb able at bestsince Mary married Robert Gerard Slye as "Luke Gardiner' s widow" eventhough Robert died in 1733 and Luke didn't die until 17 54!! EventuallyI hope to straighten this out.)
See Colonial Virginians and Their Maryland Relatives, Norma Tucker ,1994, pg 139 for the date of his death. Ms Tucker shows the deat h ofMary (Boarman) Gardiner at 1720 which would be impossible in vie w of themany children she had until 1747.)

See DESCENDANTS OF WYLLYAM GARDNYR, by Thomas Richard Gardiner, Vo l.1, pg 20:

"Captain Luke Gardiner, born 1622, in Woodperry, Oxfordshire, England, died in 1674 in Canoe Neck, Oakley, Maryland. He married 1649 , inSt. Mary's County, Maryland, Elizabeth Hatton, a daughter of RichardHatton an d Margaret ---. In a deposition made in 1672, Luke Gardinerstated that he was fifty
years of age. The Early Land Patents Liber ABH, folio 60-66 reveal thatLuke Gardiner was transported to the Province of Maryland in 1637 byThomas Copley, although he appeared to arrive on the same ship as hisparents and siblings, in 1637. A plausible explanation of this lies inan ordinance, "Condictions of Plantation" by which thos e transportingindividuals would be patented 50 acres of land for each individualtransported, including themselves. It seems probable that both RichardGardiner and Thomas Copley knew these "Condicions" be fore they appliedfor a Land Patent, and Richard, knowing that he was able to qualify for aPlantation for transporting his family, plus two servants, was willing toallow his friend, Thomas Copley, to take the credit for transportingLuke. Another explanation of this unusual arrangement may be atributedto a tradition with many English families that the eldest son became theheir and administrator of the family estate and the next oldest sonentered a religious order to become a priest or abbot. Perhaps Luke,during his early age m anifested these intentions, but later changed hisvocation to become a husband and father. Throughtout his life Lukesupported the Catholic faith in many ways.

"Thomas Copley was a layman alias for the Jesuit priest, Rev. PhilipFisher, according to John Shea in his book on the early Jesuits. ThoughMaryland was settled by financial backers of the Catholic Faith, it wasuncertain that Jesuit priests could conduct religious services withoutfear of reprisals from those of other faiths. (continue at page 21 .)

See also Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Maryland, FrancisBarnum Culver, Vol. II, Genealogical Publishing Co., 1940, 1997; pp.351-2:

"GARDINER, Luke, --- 1674 (Md.) Burgess for St. Mary's County, Md. ,1660-1662, 1671. Lieutenant, St. Mary's County Militia, 1661; Captain,1664. [Justice, 1661, 1664-ཾ High Sheriff 1672-྆.]"

.
!NOTES:
See GARDINER, Vol I., pg 167:
"Maria E. Gardiner married on 27 Sep 1825, in St. Joseph's, Bardst own,
Kentucky, Thomas Merimee and had Frederick b. 16 Oct 1826; William Jo seph
b. 8 Sept 1828; Frances, b. 1832; Miriam b. 1837; George b. 25 Dec 18 40;
Anne b 18 Oct 1842 and Robert A. b. 18 Oct 1842; all born in Bardstow n."

.
!DEATH:
See UNION COUNTY, KENTUCKY GENEALOGY VOL 4, FHL 976.9885 d2h, pag e 63:
"Martha Buckman, d/o Joseph Gardner, w/o John Robert Jenkins, Unionto wn,
d Jan 7, 1949, 75 years.

!NOTES:
For more information on this family see GARDINER Vol 1, op.cit.
She is listed first on page 347 as the spouse of John Robert Jenki ns.
She also has her own listing on page 260 as the daughter of Josep h E.
and Martha Josephine (Buckman) Gardiner. John and Martha are secon dcousins
once removed as follows: Their common ancestor is Clement Gardiner:
Clement Gardiner
|
Ann Nancy Gardiner Theodore Gardiner
| |
John R. Jenkins Joseph E. Gardiner
| |
John Thomas Jenkins |
| |
John R. Jenkins----------m--------------Martha Gardiner

.
!NOTES:
See Gardiner book p 26.

see Gardiner book p 48

!NOTES:
In her father's will, he refers to her as Mary Smith.

.
!NOTES: See Gardiner, Vol 1, Gardiner Generations, pg 35.
"Monica Gardiner, born 1716 in St. Mary's County, Maryland; died 1 772in St. Mary's County, Maryland. Monica Gardiner, daughter of Coe mentGardiner and Eleanor Middleton married Richard Brooke of Dela Br ookeManor. They had two daughters, Ann and Clare. When Richard die d in1755, Monica inherited Dela Brooke Manor of 2,000 acres plus ano ther 400acres called Back Land. Daughter Ann Brooke married John Hi ll."

!NOTES:
In his will, her father refers to her as Nelly Spalding.

.
!NOTES:
See GARDINER GENERATIONS AND RELATIONS (cited elsewhere) "Richar dGardiner, born 1486 in London, England; died 1548 in London, Englan d.This Richard Gardiner may have been the eldest son of William Gar dinerand Helen Tudor. There is no document to prove this assumption . He mayhave been also the father of Germain Gardiner (b.1505) an d also ofrichard, (b.1507) Sargeant at Arms to Henry VIII, who was r eported tohave been executed for allegedly withholding testimony i n the trial ofAnne Bolyn. Since I am unable to identify this perso n more fully I havenot included him and his two sons definately to b e in the line ofdescent from William Gardiner and Helen Tudor, altho ugh in the book"STEPHEN GARDINER and the Tudor Reaction," the autho r mentioned GermainGardiner as a nephew of Stephen. In another bi t of information onGermain, he was spoken of as a cousin of Stephen , so the exact identityof these three individuals is not clear."

.
!NOTES:
See GARDINER GENERATIONS AND RELATIONS, Vol I., GARDINER GENERATIO NS,
by Thomas Richard Gardiner, 1991. Pg. 13:
"Lord of Manor Richard Gardiner (of Thomas, of William, of William , of
Wyllyam), born 29 Apr 1592 in Basing, Peckham, Surrey, England; die d 1649
in (see notes). He married 23 Jan 1614, in the old original St. Mart in
of the Fields, Roman Catholic Church, in Peckham, Surrey, England, Elizabeth
Hame. This Richard Gardiner is the progenitor of the Maryland Gardin ers.
"There is also another record of his marriage to Elizabeth Hame in
Peckham, Surrey, England. This may have been brought about by the la wsre-
quiring all marriages to be recorded in the Anglican Church of Englan d.
"It appears that the old St. Martin of the Fields Church may hav estill
been Roman Catholic and therefore may not have met the requirements o fthe
law. Regarding their death we have very little information to give . In
1645, when Richard Ingall raided the Provence of Maryland, he totall y de-
stroyed St. Richard's Manor House by turning the ship's guns on the h ouse
as he destroyed St. Mary's City. Richard and Elizabeth disappeared f romthe
records about this time and some of their children had to seek refug e in
Virginia. It is not known for sure whether Richard and Elizabeth wer etaken
back to England on Ingall's Ship, along with Father Andrew White an d Rev.
Philip Fisher or whether they were killed in the destruction of the M anor
House. In searching the records of the Catholic Record Society of London,
I found that a Richard Garnett was executed in 1649 at Tyburn Gate .There
is no proof that this Richard Garnett was our ancestor who assumed th at
name when he fled England to settle in the Maryland Colony. If Richa rd
Gardiner and his wife, Elizabeth Hame, or any of their children wer ekilled
in the destruction of the original St. Richard's Manor House, or if t hey
died at that time of natural causes, they would have been buried in t he
grounds surrounding the Father Andrew White Chapel or the original St.
Cecelia's Church in Chapel Field, in St. Mary's City.
"Richard and Elizabeth left two older daughters, Mary, 22, and J oan,
20, in England and brought with them Richard, age 21, Elizabeth, 19 ,Luke,
15, Julianna, 6, and John, 4. They also brought with them two servan ts,
Elias Beach, age 23, and Mary Derrick, age 19.
"As one pours over bits of information in an effort to find th ewhole
story behind the Gardiner's migration to the Maryland Colony, it beco mes
intuitively self-evident that Richard and his family felt that thei r life
style, religious freedom, and civil rights were severely threatened . Why
else would a man leave the comfort of his family and friends and mak ethree
arduous trips across the ocean seeking the promise of a better life ?Most
assuredly it was this same Richard who was listed among the passengers
of the Mayflower in 1620 and who signed the Mayflower Compact, bindin ghis
investment to their survival. And it was this same Richard who was a mong
those hearty Adventurers who challenged the cold and rocky shores o fAvalon
(Newfoundland) in 1628, in support of Lord Baltimore's first attemp t in
founding a Colony where liberty and freedom were to be given top priority."
Richard Gardiner was formerly known as Richard Garnett, an alias h eused, probably to avoid persecution as a Roman Catholic. See The Flowering of the Maryland Platinate by Harry Wright Newman, Genealogic alPublishing Co. 1985.

.

!NOTES:
See GARDINER GENERATIONS AND RELATIONS by Thomas Richard Gardiner ,Vol I,
pg 23-25:
"Richard Gardiner, son of Luke Gardiner and Elizabeth (Hatton) Gardiner
was born 1650 in Canoe Neck, Oakley, St. Mary's County, Maryland, an ddied1 Nov 1687 in London England. He married 1677, in Rappahanoc kCounty, Virginia, Elizabeth Weire, daughter of Maj. John Wiere an dHonoria Jones. Records show that his mother entered the Maryland C olonyin May, 1649 by way of Virginia along with her mother, four sis ters andUncle Thomas Hatton who was to assume the office of Provinci al Secretaryupon his arrival.
"Honoria --- married (1) Peter Jones by whom she had one daughter ,Margaret. Honoria (---) Jones married (2) Capt. John Wiere by who m shehad two children, Elizabeth and John Wiere, Jr. Honoria marrie d (3)George Jones, a younger brother of her first husband.
"With the huge tracts of land which he inherited from the estate o fCaptain John Wiere, plus the rather large areas he acquired himself ,Richard Gardiner became one of the largest non-proprietary landowne rswithin the early colonies. Being the third generation to hold a s eat inthe Provincial Council he was one in a rare group of men to ho ld thatdistinction anywhere in the early colonies.
"He also held many other offices, i.e.: County Coroner, Commission erwith
"administrative duties concerning the Ports and Towns", Justice, an dnumerous
other positions of a voluntary nature. He has been credited with designing
the original State House in St. Mary's City, erected in 1676. With h isstep-
father Clement Hill, he acquired 1400 acres of land on the southeaste ren
branch of the Potomac River, now known as the anacostia River, overlooking
the nation's Capitol. He also acquired equal acreage on the Gunpowde rRiver
as it flows into Chesapeake Bay, on which Edgewood Arsenal is now located,
plus 1400 acres of land at the head of the Northwestern branch of th ePatux-
ent River.
"On 12 May 1680, Richard Gardiner claimed rights of land ownershi p for
bringing into the Maryland Colony, from Virginia, "his wife, Elizabet h,
himself, five servants and others". If he had been more specific, "others"
might have included his oldest son, Luke, if not John. During his sh ort
life span he was in possession of four distinct dwelling places, wit h as
many as three concurrently; the Wiere Homestead in Old Rappahannoc kCounty,
the six thousand acre tract located where Route 301 now crosses the Rappa-
hannock River, Hillie Lee in St. Mary's County, and Warburton Manor o nthe
mouth of the Piscataway Creek and Potomac River. It was at this mos tmag-
nificant location of all that he began construction of the huge mansi on,
after which the White House was ulltimately designed. This impressiv ehome
was probably completed by his son, Luke and was occupied by the Gardi nerand
Digges families until it was used as Bachelor's Officer's Quarters, F ort
Washington, during the War of 1812.
"On page 54 of Volume XIII of the Maryland Archives, there is a rather brief account of Richard's death. "A message arrived when the Lower House was assembled in the afternoon of 14 November 1687 statin gthat Richard Gardiner, age 38, brother of Luke Gardiner, now a memb er ofthe Assembly, had recently died." On further investigation i t waslearned that he had died in England. The cause of death was no t given,but he could have been seeking medical treatment for an illn ess, or hecould have died by some accident or by some foul means. I n thesettlement of his estate, a disbursement of 15 pounds Sterlin g waslisted for the passage of his widow and maid. It gives no insi ght intowhether this passage covered their return to the Maryland Co lony afterbeing with him in England or whether it was to pay their p assage toEngland to attend his funeral. Another disbursement was ma de in 1696,while his estate was still in settlement, for clothing an d supplies forhis young brother, Thomas Gardiner, who was attendin g St. Omer's inLiege on the Continent, in the amount of 20 pounds St erling, as Richardhad been named by
their father Luke, in his will of 1673, to be its Administrator, an d the
Guardian of Thomas, then a minor.
"Reference was made earlier of Old Rappahanock County in which Sit ten-
bourne Parish was located. Major John Wiere was vestryman of this pa rish
in Rappahanock County in 1665. Without ever changing the location o fthis
parish it had the distinction of being located in seven different counties
of Virginia between its founding and 1722. In 1665 it was located i nRichmond County when that county was organized. Next it was a par t ofKing George County and later, by a change of county lines, int oWestmoreland County. The parish as it stands today has been in Yor k,Lancaster, Richmond, Rappahanock, Northumberland, Westmoreland, an d in1721 or soon afterwards, Sittenbourne Parish became known as Han overParish in King George County. So it can be concluded thata th e 6,000acres of land lying along the Rappahanock River in Virginia w hichRichard Gardiner inherited from Major John Wiere was likewise lo cated atone time or another in all seven counties listed above."
The following information was taken from a Special Collection, number
1138-001-481 in the State Archives, Annapolis, MD.,on Richard Gardine r:
Richard was the son of Luke Gardiner (1622-1674). His brother w asJohn
(? -1683) who married Elizabeth ---
His son John (?-1717) married Mary (? - 1744/45) daughter of Wil liam
Boreman (ca 1630-1709) John's will in Book 14, pg 470 (1771)
See EARLY MANOR AND PLANTATION HOUSES, H. Chandlee Forman, Bodin eand Associates, Baltimore, 1982, for the following regarding his residence:
"St. Richard's Manor, or Richard's Manor, was built in the late Seventeenth Century on 1,000 acres surveyed in 1640 for Richard Gardine r.Richard Keene owned the manor between 1653 and 1675. The house i s muchlarger than it appears. (See photo.)

See GARDINER, GENERATIONS AND RELATIONS, Vol. 1, Thomas Richard Gardiner, pub by Thomas R. Gardiner, Leonardtown, Maryland; pg 41:
"Richard Gardiner was born in 1712 in Warburton Manor, Piscataway ,Maryland. He died on 4 July 1784 in Tudor Hall, Gallant Green, Maryland. He married (1) in 1746, in Wollaston Manor, Cobb Neck, Maryla nd,Mary Ann Neale, daughter of Henry Neale and of Mary Gardiner; an dmarried (2) in 1750, in Boarman's Manor, Bryantown, Maryland, Cathe rineBoarman, daughter of Benedict Leonard Boarman and Ann Brooke. I n 1759,Richard Gardiner purchased "The Manor of Trueman Place", on t he roadrunning between Hughesville and Gallant Green, from Charles C arroll ofAnnapolis, for 350 pounds sterling, in hand. This purchas e included theoriginal Manor House which was later restored and incr eased in size to afull two story home, with 500 acres of land. Fort une shown on thisfamily for several decades and Richard and his son s improved and addedto their land holdings until they combined, owne d over 5,000 acres ofland in the Gallant Green area. The Manor of T rueman Place was renamedby the Gardiner family as "Tudor Hall". Abo ut this same time, Richard'scousin, susanna Gardiner was married t o Phillip Key and the Key familyhome in Leonardtown was also named " Tudor Hall". This was, by no means,just a coincidence, but to comme morate their ancestor's marriage, WyllymGardynyr and Helen Tudor. R ichard Gardiner made his will 5 May 1782which was probated 13 July 1 782 in Charles County. The witnesses forthis will were Joseph Mudd , Benjamin Wood and Stafford Taylor."

.
!NOTES:
GARDINER, Vol I, pg 51:
"Richard Gardiner (of Luke, of Luke, of Luke, of Richard, of Thoma s,of
William, of Wyllyam) was born in 1747 in St. John's, Chaptico, Maryla nd;
he died in 1814 in Nelson County, Kentucky. He married in 1780, in Charles
County, Maryland, Mary E. Boarman, daughter of William Boarman and of
Winifred Edelen. (Note her sister married Mary's brother William) In
depositions made by relatives and others knowledgeable about Richar dGardiner,
we are given names of two wives of Richard. (1) Mary Boarman and (2 )Sarah,
who acknowledged that she married Richard Gardiner in Nelson County , Ken-
tucky, and lived with him for eleven years. I interpret this to mea nthat she
was with him until he died in 1814. His first wife, Mary Boarman, was
identified in a joint deposition by Henry Burch and Susanna Green, o n 22
June, 1829, in Nelson County, Kentucky....Richard Gardiner served i n theWar
of Independence, enlisting 24 April 1778 as a private in Regiment 3
of the Maryland Volunteers, and being discharged as a Sergeant on 1 8January,
1780."

see gardiner p. 114-116.

see Gardiner p. 117-118

He was the Bishop of Winchester.

.

!NOTES:
See GARDINER, Vol I, pg. 44:
"Susanna Gardiner, born 1705 in Warburton Manor, Piscataway, Maryl and;
died before 9 December, 1742 in Tudor Hall, Leonardtown, Maryland . She
married in 1724, In Hillilee, Chaptico, Maryland, Philip Key, abou t 4years
after he arrived in the Maryland Colony from London. Just before her
death, she and Philip Key acquired a grand old plantation home overlooking
Breton Bay which she named "Tudor Hall". Sometime after her death, it
was converted into a full two story home and remains as one of the la nd-
marks near the center of Leonardtown in St. Mary's County. the nam e of
Tudor Hall was chosen to commemmorate her line of descendancy from the
royal family of Tudors, as she was descended from Helen Tudor by Hele n's
marriage to William Gardiner in 1485. Susanna Gardiner and her husba nd
Philip Key are the great-grandparents of Francis Scott Key who compos ed
our National Anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner", while being held a prisoner
aboard a British man-of-war in Baltimore Harbor during the bombardment
of Fort McHenry during the War of 1812. They are interred in Chris tChurch
Cemetery in Chaptico, St. Mary's County, in a vault directly agains t the
outside rear wall of the church."

See GARDINER, GENERATIONS AND RELATIONS, Thomas Richard Gardiner , pubby Thomas R. Gardiner, Leonardtown, MD., 1991; pg 6:

"Sir Thomas Gardiner was born 17 march, 1564 in Bermondsey, Surry ,England and died 10 Aug 1632 in Basing, Peckham, Surrey, England . Hemarried 1 Feb 1584, in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Bermondsey, Surrey,England, Ellyn Smyth. Sir Thomas Gardiner wa knighted in 1603 ,according to Burke's Peerage. He was Justice of the Peace of Basing andPeckham, Surrey County, England, and was possessed of two Manors inOxfordshire in addition to his manor, "Basing", where he spent most ofhis life with his first wife Ellyn Smyth. After she died in 1 617, hemarried his second wife, Frances Skipwith, daughter of Ralp h Skipwith,Esquire, of Parkbury, Herts. He had no children by this secondmarriage. Sir Thomas Gardiner died 10 August, 1632, and his second wife,Frances, was buried 4 Sept 1638, after her stepson, Richard, came toMaryland. (Herts. appears to be the abbreviation for Hertfordshire.)

See also BRITISH ROOTS OF MARYLAND FAMILIES, Robert W. Barnes, Gen.Pub. Co., Baltimore, 1999, pp. 203-4.

see Gardiner book p 21-22.

.
!NOTES: See Gardiner, Vol. 1, Gardiner Generations, p 35, who speculates that Thomas Gardiner married Mary Bond.
See Norma Tucker, Colonial Virginians and Their Maryland Relatives, pg 139, who speculates that his real name was Thomas Garnett ,Esq. who married (1st) a daughter of Charles Tilden of Kent County , MD.,and (2nd) maargaret "Peggy" Miskill in Richmond, VA.

.

!NOTES:
See Gardiner, pg. 209.

.
!NOTES:
See GARDINER, GENERATIONS AND RELATIONS by Thomas Richard Gardiner ,1991, Leonardtown, Maryland, Vol I, pg. 1:
"Wyllyam Gardynyr, was born about 1450 in Midlands, Oxfordshire, England; he died in 1495 in The Bank, Surrey, England. He married i n1485, in London, England, Helen Tudor, daughter of Jasper Tudor, fi rstcousin to Henry VII, as found on Betham's Genealogical Table DC X inGuildhall Library, London, England. This William Gardiner actua llysigned his name "Wyllym Gardynyr" which may indicate that he wa s ofWelsh origin as were the Tudors, who spelled their name "Tudur " and"Tewdr" during that period.
"Why William Gardiner was allowed to marry into the Royal Family remains unclear, but historians have hinted that it was because of hi said to Henry VII, then Earl of Richmond, in defeating Richard III , inthe Battle of Bosworth Field, near Leicester, on 22 August, 1485 . JeanMolinet, a Chronicler from Burgundy, covering this battle, de scribed thescene in this manner (taken from the book, THE MAKING O F THE TUDORDYNASTY, by Roger Thomas): "During the vigorous hand-to-h and fightingwith the axe, sword and pike, both Richard III and Henr y Tudor, eachsurrounded by a vanguard, watched from the sidelines , a safe distanceapart. Richard, so confident of victory that he wa s wearing his crown,could observe from a higher level along the hill side, that his ownpersonal vanguard was superior to Henry's and deci ded to end the battlequickly by slaying Henry Tudor.
Sir William Stanley was standing by with an uncommitted force of 3,000 men, ready to rout the loosing side. Richard III spurred his ho rseand in quick time, with his vanguard, engaged Henry in combat. A sRichard went for Henry to deliver his mortal blow, one of Henry's m en, aWelsh halberdier, intervened, knocking off Richard's crown, the n givingone mighty swing, smashed Richard's helmut into his skull . Seeing thattheir leader was slain, his vanguard began to withdra w and immediatelySir William Stanley ordered his men after Richard' s fleeing troops, thusending the battle in Henry's favor.
Richard's crown was recovered from a thornbush and later placed o nthe head of Henry Tudor who then proclaimed himself King of England .This act of slaying Henry's adversary in an otherwise losing situa tionwas the most important single effort in the making of the Tudo r dynasty,and thus allowed the marriage of William Gardiner, believe d to be theWelsh halberdier, to Helen Tudor a few months later.
There has been some dispute as to how a person from the English Midlands could be described as a Welshman by the Burgundy writer, Jea nMolinet, but the solution to the mystery is found in the book itsel fconcerning the number of Sir William Stanley's warriors who, in the ireagerness to give support to Henry, then Earl of Richmond, presse d aheadto join forces with Henry as his forces moved through Wales , on theirway to engage Richard III's army. Jean Molined may have h ad no way ofknowing from where the halberdier hailed. Although muc h information onhim is lacking, this William Gardiner remains as th e earliest member ofour Gardiner line from whom I can trace our ance stry on a generationalbasis, with a great degree of certainty.
William Gardiner and his wife, Helen Tudor, resided on the south b ankof the Thames River just across from the walled city of London, p rior tothe establishment of any town, in an area that was then know n simply as"The Bank". His magnificent home was located somewhere b etween the morerecent towns of Bermondey and Southwalk in the count y of Surrey. Healso retained many of his holding in the Midlands ne ar Oxon Ford, nowknown as Oxford.
Another member of Sir William Stanley's troops who was a long tim eacquaintance, if not close friend, of William Gardiner, was by name ,Roland Warburton, who was noted for his arrival at Bosworth Field o n 21august, 1485, the eve of the Battle, with money to pay the thre ethousand men under Stanley's command. His arrival in the nick of t ime,no doubt, did much to lift the morale of the troops, making the m moreeager for action. It would be interesting to know how this ma n's familyname came to be used in naming the Manor at Piscataway Cre ek and PotomacRiver which Luke Gardiner received in trade from Luk e Barber for St.Richard's Manor on the Patuxent in 1662, almost tw o hundred yearslater. Luke Barber had named his Manor, on the north ern side ofPiscataway Creek in what is now Prince George's County, M aryland,"Barberton Manor." Several years after the trade, Luke Gard iner changedthe name to Warburton Manor. Was it to commemorate th e event atBosworth Field, some two hundred years before? Intensiv e research on mypart did not uncover a single document on which I co uld make suchassumption, but somewhere one may exist."

.
!NOTES:
See GARDINER, GENERATIONS AND RELATIONS, Thomas Richard Gardiner ,Pub. by Thomas R. Gardiner, Leonardtown, Maryland; Vol I, pg 3:
"William Gardiner, born 1488 in London, Lived a while in Hertfordshire, England. He married in 1520, in England, Elizabeth Mitchell .There seems to be only a limited amount of information available o n thisWilliam Gardiner, brother of Steven, Bishop of Winchester. I t isbelieved that he may have been the presbyter at Canterbury who m StevenGardiner stopped by to visit on one of his trips back from F rance (seenotes for Steven). It was also brought to the attention o f thosesitting in judgment at the Excommunication Trial of Steven Ga rdiner,that he had a brother by the name of William, and this Willia m lived fora while in Hertfordshire. William married Elizabeth Mitc hell ofYorkshire, and died in Bermondsey, Surrey.
"It is quite probable that William had an older brother since it i san old English custom to name the second son after his father and t heeldest son after the grandfather, which the Gardiner family has fo llowedwith remarkable consistancy down through the generations. Th egrandfather could come from either side of the family, as this wa s notfollowed quite as closely as in the use of the father's name . There wasa Richard Gardiner, born about 1486 who was quite promin ent in theLondon area, who may have been an older member of the fami ly, which Ihave listed as a probability since I can find no other wh o would moreeasily fit this situation. He was listed in the servic e of Henry VIIIas "Seargent at Arms." "

see page 65

.

!NOTES:
See GARDINER, Vol. I, pps 212-214: William married Mary Ellen Gwy nn,
daughter of William Henry and Rosella Ann (Boone) Gwynn on 24 Nov 184 7and they
had 14 children.

.
!NOTES:
See GARDINER, Vol. I, pg 168:
Winifred Ann Gardiner married 18 Nov 1828, in St. Joseph's Church,
Bardstown, KY William Mcgill and had Charles Henry on 15 Oct 1829,
Joseph David on 7 Oct 1831 and William B. on 9 Mar 1834, all in Bardstown
KY."

See GARDINER, GENERATIONS AND RELATIONS by Thomas Richard Gardiner ,1991, Leonardtown, Maryland, Vol I, pg. 1:

"Wyllyam Gardynyr, was born about 1450 in Midlands, Oxfordshire, England; he died in 1495 in The Bank, Surrey, England. He married in1485, in London, England, Helen Tudor, daughter of Jasper Tudor, firstcousin to Henry VII, as found on Betham's Genealogical Table DC X inGuildhall Library, London, England. This William Gardiner actuallysigned his name "Wyllym Gardynyr" which may indicate that he was of Welshorigin as were the Tudors, who spelled their name "Tudur " and "Tewdr"during that period.

"Why William Gardiner was allowed to marry into the Royal Familyremains unclear, but historians have hinted that it was because of hisaid to Henry VII, then Earl of Richmond, in defeating Richard III , inthe Battle of Bosworth Field, near Leicester, on 22 August, 1485 . JeanMolinet, a Chronicler from Burgundy, covering this battle, described thescene in this manner (taken from the book, THE MAKING OF THE TUDORDYNASTY, by Roger Thomas): "During the vigorous hand-to-hand fightingwith the axe, sword and pike, both Richard III and Henry Tudor, eachsurrounded by a vanguard, watched from the sidelines, a safe distanceapart. Richard, so confident of victory that he was wearing his crown,could observe from a higher level along the hill side, that his ownpersonal vanguard was superior to Henry's and decided to end the battlequickly by slaying Henry Tudor.

Sir William Stanley was standing by with an uncommitted force of 3,000 men, ready to rout the loosing side. Richard III spurred his horseand in quick time, with his vanguard, engaged Henry in combat. AsRichard went for Henry to deliver his mortal blow, one of Henry's men, aWelsh halberdier, intervened, knocking off Richard's crown, then givingone mighty swing, smashed Richard's helmut into his skull . Seeing thattheir leader was slain, his vanguard began to withdraw and immediatelySir William Stanley ordered his men after Richard' s fleeing troops, thusending the battle in Henry's favor.

Richard's crown was recovered from a thornbush and later placed on thehead of Henry Tudor who then proclaimed himself King of England . Thisact of slaying Henry's adversary in an otherwise losing situation was themost important single effort in the making of the Tudor dynasty, and thusallowed the marriage of William Gardiner, believed to be the Welshhalberdier, to Helen Tudor a few months later.

There has been some dispute as to how a person from the EnglishMidlands could be described as a Welshman by the Burgundy writer, JeanMolinet, but the solution to the mystery is found in the book itselfconcerning the number of Sir William Stanley's warriors who, in theireagerness to give support to Henry, then Earl of Richmond, pressed aheadto join forces with Henry as his forces moved through Wales, on their wayto engage Richard III's army. Jean Molined may have had no way ofknowing from where the halberdier hailed. Although much information onhim is lacking, this William Gardiner remains as the earliest member ofour Gardiner line from whom I can trace our ancestry on a generationalbasis, with a great degree of certainty.

William Gardiner and his wife, Helen Tudor, resided on the south bankof the Thames River just across from the walled city of London, prior tothe establishment of any town, in an area that was then known simply as"The Bank". His magnificent home was located somewhere between the morerecent towns of Bermondey and Southwalk in the county of Surrey. He alsoretained many of his holding in the Midlands near Oxon Ford, now known asOxford.

Another member of Sir William Stanley's troops who was a long timeacquaintance, if not close friend, of William Gardiner, was by name ,Roland Warburton, who was noted for his arrival at Bosworth Field on 21august, 1485, the eve of the Battle, with money to pay the three thousandmen under Stanley's command. His arrival in the nick of time, no doubt,did much to lift the morale of the troops, making them more eager foraction. It would be interesting to know how this man's family name cameto be used in naming the Manor at Piscataway Creek and Potomac Riverwhich Luke Gardiner received in trade from Luke Barber for St. Richard'sManor on the Patuxent in 1662, almost two hundred years later. LukeBarber had named his Manor, on the northern side of Piscataway Creek inwhat is now Prince George's County, Maryland, "Barberton Manor." Severalyears after the trade, Luke Gardiner changed the name to WarburtonManor. Was it to commemorate the event at Bosworth Field, some twohundred years before? Intensive research on my part did not uncover asingle document on which I could make such assumption, but somewhere onemay exist."

The foregoing article is cited with additional authorities in BRITISHROOTS OF MARYLAND FAMILIES, Robert A. Barnes, Gen. Pub. Co., Baltimore,1999, pp. 293-4.

Joe Neal Garrett provided a great deal of information concerning thisbranch of the Sparks family including the more recently born descendantsof William Sparks (b.1761) of Salisbury, Rowan County, North Carolina,and his son Richard Sparks (b.1793) of Franklin County, Georgia andTexas. As of December, 1999, Joe's email address waslgarrett@@mastnet.net. I am extremely grateful for his contribution tothe Sparks Family History. JJS

I wish to express my gratitude to Leland Garton (emailmoviegar47@@earthlink.net) for sending all of the information which he hadon this line of the descendants of Jonas Sparks, through Elizabeth(Bryan) Sparks, Mary Bryan Reed, and Samuel Bryan Reed. Much of thisinformation was taken from the bible of William M. Reed, son of SamuelBryan and Permelia (Shackelford) Reed and from census records. Thisinformation was received on May 14, 2001.

.
!NOTES:
SQ pg 3284: They had one child, Doris.